Table B-6. Environmental Levels of Dibenzofurans in Sediment (ppt)

Chemical

 

Number samples

Number positive samples

Concentration

range

Conc. mean

Weight basis

Location

 

Location

description

Sample year

Ref. no.

Commentsa

Tetrachlorodibenzofurans (MW=305.98)

2,3,7,8-TCDF

18

0

ND(20-50)

NA

Dry

South Central Finland

Various

88/89

1

A,B
 

9

9

24-490

232

Dry

Newark, NJ

Industrial

85/86

2

0-2", A,C
 

4

4

150-1,400

855

Dry

Newark, NJ

Industrial

85/86

2

2-4", A,C
 

2

2

580-1,200

890

Dry

Newark, NJ

Industrial

85/86

2

4-8", A,C
 

1

1

370

370

Dry

Newark, NJ

Industrial

85/86

2

12-16", A,C
 

1

1

300

300

Dry

Newark, NJ

Industrial

85/86

2

20-24", A,C
 

2

2

300-390

345

Dry

Newark, NJ

Industrial

85/86

2

24-28", A,C
 

3

2

ND-530

243

Dry

Newark, NJ

Industrial

85/86

2

28-32", A,C
 

3

3

190-730

370

Dry

Newark, NJ

Industrial

85/86

2

32-36", A,C
 

1

1

140

140

Dry

Newark, NJ

Industrial

85/86

2

40-44", A,C
 

2

2

80-3,100

1,590

Dry

Newark, NJ

Industrial

85/86

2

48-52", A,C
 

1

1

4,500

4,500

Dry

Newark, NJ

Industrial

85/86

2

108-111", A,C
 

1

1

15

15

Dry

Long Island Sound

Reference Site

NR

4

A
 

12

12

8.8-1,400

566

Dry

New England

Industrial

NR

4

A/3 sites
 

4

0

ND(0.7-12)

NA

Dry

Seattle, WA

Industrial

NR

4

A
 

4

1

ND-0.31

0.08

NR

Central Minnesota

Rural

NR

5

A/4 sites
 

2

2

8.3-14

11

Dry

Baltic Sea

Reference Site

NR

13

A
 

4

4

11-210

72

Dry

Iggesund Sweden

Industrial

NR

13

A/papermill
 

4

4

4.9-170

46.5

NR

Dala River, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

6

6

41-320

176

NR

Lake Vattern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm

2,3,7,8-TCDF (continued)

5

5

54-810

241

NR

Lake Vanern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

4

4

0.7-9.6

5.2

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

0-2cm, E
 

1

1

13

13

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

4-6cm, E
 

1

1

5.2

5.2

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

9-13cm, E

TCDFs

1

1

15

15

Dry

Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Superior

Pristine

NR

3

0-0.5cm, A,D
 

1

1

18

18

Dry

Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Superior

Pristine

NR

3

5-6cm, A,D
 

1

0

ND(0.4)

NA

Dry

Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Superior

Pristine

NR

3

8-9cm, A,D
 

4

2

ND-0.54

0.21

NR

Central Minnesota

Rural

NR

5

A/4 sites
 

25

0

ND(10-700)

NA

NR

Ontario Canada

Industrial

88

8

A/25 sites
 

12

11

ND-200

58

NR

NY/MASS

NR

NR

10

A
 

7

7

2.4-6,223

1,260

Dry

Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior

Various

NR

11

Papermill/

atmospheric contamination
 

3

3

120-290

187

NR

Stockholm Sweden

Various

NR

12

A
 

2

2

87-130

109

Dry

Baltic Sea

Reference Site

NR

13

A
 

4

4

79-360

180

Dry

Iggesund Sweden

Industrial

NR

13

A/papermill
 

4

4

6.7-54

30

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

0-2cm, E

TCDFs

(continued)

1

1

63

63

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

4-6cm, E
 

1

1

23

23

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

9-13cm, E
 

5

5

170-1070

526

NR

Hamburg Germany

Urban

NR

15

  

Pentachlorodibenzofurans (MW=340.42)

1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF

4

4

5.6-110

34.4

NR

Dala River, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

6

6

27-120

74.3

NR

Lake Vattern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

5

5

50-300

120

NR

Lake Vanern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm

2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF

4

4

7.8-99

34.7

NR

Dala River, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

6

6

25-110

74.2

NR

Lake Vattern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

5

5

36-250

108

NR

Lake Vanern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm

PeCDFs

1

1

5.0

5.0

Dry

Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Michigan

Pristine

NR

3

0-0.5cm A,D
 

1

1

2.0

2.0

Dry

Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Michigan

Pristine

NR

3

5-6cm A,D
 

1

0

ND(0.4)

NA

Dry

Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Michigan

Pristine

NR

3

8-9cm A,D
 

4

2

ND-25

7.4

NR

Central Minnesota

Rural

NR

5

A/4 sites
 

25

0

ND(10-700)

NA

NR

Ontario Canada

Industrial

88

8

A/25 sites
 

12

9

ND-193

64

NR

NY/MASS

NR

NR

10

A
 

3

3

130-260

177

NR

Stockholm Sweden

Various

NR

12

A
 

2

2

66-125

96

Dry

Baltic Sea

Reference Site

NR

13

A

PeCDFs (continued)

4

4

48-58

55

Dry

Iggesund Sweden

Industrial

NR

13

A/papermill
 

4

4

7.7-81

47

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

0-2cm, E
 

1

1

24

24

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

4-6cm, E
 

1

1

44

44

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

9-13cm, E
 

5

5

1,300-5,200

2,980

NR

Hamburg Germany

Urban

NR

15

  

Hexachlorodibenzofurans (MW=374.87)

1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF

4

4

9.3-120

44.3

NR

Dala River, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

6

6

28-170

89.5

NR

Lake Vattern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

5

5

32-460

163

NR

Lake Vanern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm

1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF

4

4

3.7-73

26.7

NR

Dala River, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

6

6

15-110

64.7

NR

Lake Vattern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

5

5

25-140

73.4

NR

Lake Vanern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm

1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF

4

3

ND(2)-25

9.38

NR

Dala River, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

6

2

ND-4.4

1.58

NR

Lake Vattern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

5

2

ND-14

5.68

NR

Lake Vanern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm

2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF

4

4

1.8-78

26.2

NR

Dala River, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

6

6

32-130

77.7

NR

Lake Vattern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

5

5

36-110

70.8

NR

Lake Vanern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm

HxCDFs

1

1

2.0

2.0

Dry

Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Michigan

Pristine

NR

3

0-0.5cm, A,D
 

1

1

2.0

2.0

Dry

Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Michigan

Pristine

NR

3

5-6cm, A,D
 

1

0

ND(0.4)

NA

Dry

Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Michigan

Pristine

NR

3

8-9cm, A,D
 

4

1

ND-12

3.0

NR

Central Minnesota

Rural

NR

5

A/4 sites
 

25

17

ND-6,500

1,339

NR

Ontario Canada

Industrial

88

8

A/25 sites
 

12

10

ND-377

133

NR

NY/MASS

NR

NR

10

A
 

3

3

92-250

187

NR

Stockholm Sweden

Various

NR

12

A
 

2

2

78-150

114

Dry

Baltic Sea

Reference Site

NR

13

A
 

4

4

59-150

104

Dry

Iggesund Sweden

Industrial

NR

13

A/papermill
 

4

4

23-283

148

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

0-2cm, E
 

1

1

166

166

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

4-6cm, E
 

1

1

131

131

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

9-13cm, E
 

5

5

930-8,600

4,106

NR

Hamburg Germany

Urban

NR

15

  

Heptachlorodibenzofurans (MW=409.31)

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF

8

8

59-2180

558

NR

Dala River, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

12

12

130-1030

584

NR

Lake Vattern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

10

10

21-8400

1764

NR

Lake Vanern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm

1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF

4

3

ND-42

14.2

NR

Dala River, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

6

6

4.3-91

33.2

NR

Lake Vattern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

5

4

ND-260

78.3

NR

Lake Vanern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm

HpCDFs

4

3

ND-30

16

NR

Central Minnesota

Rural

NR

5

A/4 sites
 

25

20

ND-53,000

11,715

NR

Ontario Canada

Industrial

88

8

A/25 sites
 

12

10

ND-2,436

1,039

NR

NY/MASS

NR

NR

10

A
 

3

3

190-1,500

997

NR

Stockholm Sweden

Various

NR

12

A
 

2

2

79-180

130

Dry

Baltic Sea

Reference Site

NR

13

A
 

4

4

11-410

178

Dry

Iggesund Sweden

Industrial

NR

13

A/papermill
 

4

4

20-158

100

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

0-2cm, E
 

1

1

43

43

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

4-6cm, E
 

1

1

192

192

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

9-13cm, E
 

5

5

560-4,300

2,358

NR

Hamburg Germany

Urban

NR

15

  

Octachlorodibenzofurans (MW=444.76)

1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-OCDF

18

3

ND-160

14

Dry

South Central Finland

Various

88/89

1

A,B
 

1

1

4

4

Dry

Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Michigan

Pristine

NR

3

0-0.5cm, A,D
 

1

1

3.2

3.2

Dry

Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Michigan

Pristine

NR

3

5-6cm, A,D

1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-OCDF

1

1

1.1

1.1

Dry

Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Michigan

Pristine

NR

3

8-9cm, A,D

(continued)

4

1

ND-23

5.8

NR

Central Minnesota

Rural

NR

5

A/4 sites
 

25

21

ND-400,000

34,912

NR

Ontario Canada

Industrial

88

8

A/25 sites
 

12

11

ND-1,010

460

NR

NY/MASS

NR

NR

10

A
 

3

1

ND-39

14

NR

Stockholm Sweden

Various

NR

12

A
 

2

1

ND-3.8

1.9

Dry

Baltic Sea

Reference Site

NR

13

A
 

4

2

ND-15

5

Dry

Iggesund Sweden

Industrial

NR

13

A/Papermill
 

4

4

150-4250

1212

NR

Dala River, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

6

6

170-1310

602

NR

Lake Vattern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

5

5

230-79,250

19,356

NR

Lake Vanern, Sweden

Industrial

88

17

0-1 cm
 

4

4

58-151

96

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

0-2cm, E
 

1

1

43

43

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

4-6cm, E
 

1

1

192

192

Dry

Fjord between Sweden, Norway and Denmark

Industrial

87

14

9-13cm, E
 

5

5

660-5,200

2,712

NR

Hamburg Germany

Urban

NR

15

  

 

aKey: A LOD (Ref. 1) = 20 to 50 ppt, LOD (Ref. 2) = 32 ppt, LOD (Ref. 3) = 0.4 ppt, LOD (Ref. 4) = 0.7 to 12.0 ppt, LOD (Ref. 5) = 0.61 to 4.1 ppt, LOD (Ref. 8) = 10 to 700 ppt, LOD (Ref. 10) = 3 ppt, LOD (ref. 12) = 1 to 20 ppt, LOD (Ref. 13) = 1 to 6.6 ppt.

B Dry surface sediments from 18 lakes.

C Industry produced 2,4,5 trichlorophenate (2,4,5T precursor).

D No anthropogenic inputs into drainage basin -- only atmospheric sources into lake.

E Mg-production facility.

Notes

NR = Not Reported

NA = Not Applicable

ND = Not Detected

ppt = Parts per trillion

 

Sources:

1. Koistinen et al. (1990) 9. Huckins et al. (1988)

2. Bopp et al. (1991) 10. Petty et al. (1982)

3. Czuczwa et al. (1984) 11. Sherman et al. (1990)

4. Norwood et al. (1989) 12. Rappe and Kjeller (1987)

5. Reed et al. (1990) 13. Rappe et al. (1989a)

6. Sonzongi et al. (1991) 14. Oehme et al. (1989)

7. Oliver and Nilmi (1988) 15. Gotz and Schumacher (1990)

8. McKee et al. (1990) 16. Smith et al. (1990)

17. Kjeller et al. (1990)