Table B-2. Environmental Levels of Dibenzofurans in Soil (ppt)
Chemical |
Number samples |
Number positive samples |
Concentration range |
Conc. mean |
Location |
Location description |
Sample year |
Ref. no. |
Comments |
Tetrachlorodibenzofurans (MW=305.98) |
|||||||||
2,3,7,8-TCDF |
2 |
2 |
27-450 |
238 |
Midland, MI |
Industrial |
1 |
||
8 |
3 |
ND-15 |
5 |
Midland, MI |
Residential |
1 |
|||
5 |
2 |
ND-6 |
2 |
Middletown, OH |
Residential |
1 |
|||
3 |
0 |
ND(1.0 |
NA |
MN |
Pristine |
1 |
|||
NR |
NR |
NR |
<2 |
Finland |
Industrial |
2 |
|||
4 |
0 |
ND(3.75) |
NA |
Elk River, MN |
Rural |
6 |
Agriculture |
||
12 |
12 |
3-50 |
17 |
England |
Residential |
7 |
Rural |
||
2,3,4,8/2,3,7,8-TCDF |
8 |
8 |
8.4-57.5 |
22 |
Sweden |
Urban |
5 |
Near Stockholm |
|
TCDFs |
3 |
3 |
7.7-11 |
9.3 |
Various parts of Europe |
Rural |
10 |
||
2 |
2 |
320-370 |
345 |
Various parts of Europe |
Industrial |
10 |
|||
77 |
NR |
ND-237 |
25 |
British Isles |
Background |
11 |
|||
47 |
13 |
ND-120 |
42.92 |
Ontario and U.S. Midwestern states |
Urban |
13 |
|||
20 |
3 |
ND-1850 |
1017 |
Ontario and U.S. Midwestern states |
Industrial |
13 |
|||
1 |
0 |
ND(1.0) |
NA |
Midland, MI |
Residential |
1 |
|||
1 |
0 |
ND(1.0) |
NA |
MN |
Pristine |
1 |
|||
NR |
NR |
NR |
300 |
Finland |
Industrial |
2 |
|||
11 |
NR |
ND-71 |
10 |
Canada |
4 |
Near Incinerator |
|||
12 |
0 |
ND(55) |
NA |
Canada |
4 |
Near Incinerator |
|||
53 |
1 |
ND-280 |
NA |
Canada |
Rural |
4 |
|||
29 |
NR |
ND-120 |
15 |
Canada |
Urban |
4 |
|||
8 |
8 |
109-454 |
237 |
Sweden |
Urban |
5 |
Near Stockholm |
||
4 |
1 |
ND-1.2 |
<1 |
Elk River, MN |
Rural |
6 |
Agriculture |
||
12 |
12 |
20-300 |
102 |
England |
Residential |
7 |
Rural |
||
TCDFs (continued) |
19 |
19 |
29-950 |
232 |
England |
Urban |
8 |
||
Pentachlorodibenzofurans (MW=340.42) |
|||||||||
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF |
4 |
0 |
ND(3.75) |
NA |
Elk River, MN |
Rural |
6 |
Agriculture |
|
12 |
12 |
1-10 |
4 |
England |
Residential |
7 |
Rural |
||
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF |
NR |
NR |
NR |
580 |
Finland |
Industrial |
2 |
||
8 |
8 |
3.1-26.5 |
13 |
Sweden |
Urban |
5 |
Near Stockholm |
||
4 |
0 |
ND(3.75) |
NA |
Elk River, MN |
Rural |
6 |
Agriculture |
||
12 |
12 |
1-5 |
2 |
England |
Residential |
7 |
Rural |
||
1,2,3,7,8/1,2,3,4,8-PeCDF |
NR |
NR |
NR |
82 |
Finland |
Industrial |
2 |
||
8 |
8 |
7.4-32.1 |
16 |
Sweden |
Urban |
5 |
Near Stockholm |
||
PeCDFs |
3 |
3 |
6.7-14 |
11.2 |
Various parts of Europe |
Rural |
10 |
||
77 |
NR |
ND-185 |
23 |
British Isles |
Background |
11 |
|||
47 |
4 |
ND-110 |
41.5 |
Ontario and U.S. Midwestern states |
Urban |
13 |
|||
20 |
5 |
ND-285 |
86 |
Ontario and U.S. Midwestern states |
Industrial |
13 |
|||
2 |
2 |
200-450 |
325 |
Various parts of Europe |
Industrial |
10 |
|||
1 |
1 |
900 |
900 |
Midland, MI |
Industrial |
1 |
|||
8 |
2 |
ND-110 |
19 |
Midland, MI |
Residential |
1 |
|||
5 |
0 |
ND |
NA |
Middletown, OH |
Residential |
1 |
|||
NR |
NR |
NR |
27000 |
Finland |
Industrial |
2 |
|||
11 |
0 |
ND(55) |
NA |
Canada |
4 |
Near Incinerator |
|||
12 |
0 |
ND(55) |
NA |
Canada |
4 |
Near Incinerator |
|||
53 |
0 |
ND(55) |
NA |
Canada |
Rural |
4 |
|||
29 |
NR |
ND-160 |
35 |
Canada |
Urban |
4 |
|||
PeCDFs (continued) |
8 |
8 |
36-457 |
149 |
Sweden |
Urban |
5 |
Near Stockholm |
|
4 |
3 |
18-45 |
35 |
Elk River, MN |
Rural |
6 |
Agriculture |
||
12 |
12 |
6-70 |
31 |
England |
Residential |
7 |
Rural |
||
19 |
19 |
19-830 |
189 |
England |
Urban |
8 |
|||
13 |
13 |
45.6-261 |
115 |
Salzburg, Austria |
Urban |
90-91 |
14 |
||
6 |
6 |
12.0-77.7 |
46.5 |
Salzburg, Austria |
Rural |
90-91 |
14 |
||
5 |
5 |
53-355 |
182 |
Salzburg, Austria |
Industrial |
90-91 |
14 |
||
Hexachlorodibenzofurans (MW=374.87) |
|||||||||
1,2,3,4,7,8/1,2,3,4,7,9-HxCDF |
NR |
NR |
NR |
920 |
Finland |
Industrial |
2 |
||
8 |
8 |
7.8-29.1 |
16 |
Sweden |
Urban |
5 |
Near Stockholm |
||
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF |
4 |
0 |
ND(3.75) |
NA |
Elk River, MN |
Rural |
6 |
Agriculture |
|
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF |
NR |
NR |
NR |
<2 |
Finland |
Industrial |
2 |
||
8 |
8 |
7.7-28.9 |
14 |
Sweden |
Urban |
5 |
Near Stockholm |
||
4 |
0 |
ND(3.75) |
NA |
Elk River, MN |
Rural |
6 |
Agriculture |
||
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF |
NR |
NR |
NR |
<2 |
Finland |
Industrial |
2 |
||
8 |
8 |
0.5-3.8 |
1 |
Sweden |
Urban |
5 |
Near Stockholm |
||
4 |
0 |
ND(3.75) |
NA |
Elk River, MN |
Rural |
6 |
Agriculture |
||
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF |
NR |
NR |
NR |
<2 |
Finland |
Industrial |
2 |
||
4 |
1 |
ND-7.1 |
2 |
Elk River, MN |
Rural |
6 |
Agriculture |
||
HxCDFs |
3 |
3 |
11-16 |
13 |
Various parts of Europe |
Rural |
10 |
||
77 |
NR |
4.3-212 |
41 |
British Isles |
Background |
11 |
|||
47 |
6 |
ND-260 |
94.8 |
Ontario and U.S. Midwestern states |
Urban |
13 |
|||
20 |
7 |
ND-420 |
178 |
Ontario and U.S. Midwestern states |
Industrial |
13 |
|||
HxCDFs (continued) |
2 |
2 |
270-1900 |
1085 |
Various parts of Europe |
Industrial |
10 |
||
1 |
1 |
15400 |
15400 |
Midland, MI |
Industrial |
1 |
|||
8 |
3 |
64-260 |
62 |
Midland, MI |
Residential |
1 |
|||
5 |
0 |
ND(1.0) |
NA |
Middletown, OH |
Residential |
1 |
|||
3 |
0 |
ND(1.0) |
NA |
MN |
Pristine |
1 |
|||
NR |
NR |
NR |
7200 |
Finland |
Industrial |
2 |
|||
11 |
0 |
ND(55) |
NA |
Canada |
4 |
Near Incinerator |
|||
12 |
0 |
ND(55) |
NA |
Canada |
4 |
Near Incinerator |
|||
53 |
0 |
ND(55) |
NA |
Canada |
Rural |
4 |
|||
29 |
NR |
ND-120 |
9 |
Canada |
Urban |
4 |
|||
8 |
8 |
53-308 |
145 |
Sweden |
Urban |
5 |
Near Stockholm |
||
4 |
4 |
7-150 |
66 |
Elk River, MN |
Rural |
6 |
Agriculture |
||
12 |
12 |
6-50 |
24 |
England |
Residential |
7 |
Rural |
||
19 |
19 |
17-660 |
156 |
England |
Urban |
8 |
|||
Heptachlorodibenzofurans (MW=409.31) |
|||||||||
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF |
NR |
NR |
NR |
4700 |
Finland |
Industrial |
2 |
||
8 |
8 |
31-134 |
73 |
Sweden |
Urban |
5 |
Near Stockholm |
||
4 |
4 |
11-80 |
47 |
Elk River, MN |
Rural |
6 |
Agriculture |
||
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF |
NR |
NR |
NR |
<5 |
Finland |
Industrial |
2 |
||
8 |
8 |
1.0-6.3 |
3 |
Sweden |
Urban |
5 |
Near Stockholm |
||
4 |
0 |
ND(3.75) |
NA |
Elk River, MN |
Rural |
6 |
Agriculture |
||
HpCDFs |
3 |
3 |
14-22 |
18 |
Various parts of Europe |
Rural |
10 |
||
2 |
2 |
260-4500 |
2380 |
Various parts of Europe |
Industrial |
10 |
|||
77 |
NR |
1.5-138 |
26 |
British Isles |
Background |
11 |
|||
HpCDFs (continued) |
47 |
10 |
ND-120 |
283 |
Ontario and U.S. Midwestern states |
Urban |
13 |
||
20 |
15 |
ND-3750 |
733 |
Ontario and U.S. Midwestern states |
Industrial |
13 |
|||
1 |
1 |
75000 |
75000 |
Midland, MI |
Industrial |
1 |
|||
8 |
6 |
ND-820 |
300 |
Midland, MI |
Residential |
1 |
|||
5 |
1 |
ND-43 |
9 |
Middletown, OH |
Residential |
1 |
|||
3 |
0 |
ND(1.0) |
NA |
MN |
Pristine |
1 |
|||
11 |
NR |
ND-180 |
30 |
Canada |
4 |
Near Incinerator |
|||
12 |
0 |
ND(55) |
NA |
Canada |
4 |
Near Incinerator |
|||
53 |
0 |
ND(55) |
NA |
Canada |
Rural |
4 |
|||
29 |
NR |
ND-410 |
29 |
Canada |
Urban |
4 |
|||
8 |
8 |
31-187 |
81 |
Sweden |
Urban |
5 |
Near Stockholm |
||
4 |
4 |
30-260 |
100 |
Elk River, MN |
Rural |
6 |
Agriculture |
||
12 |
12 |
4-59 |
20 |
England |
Residential |
7 |
Rural |
||
19 |
19 |
16-458 |
152 |
England |
Urban |
8 |
|||
Octachlorodibenzofurans (MW=444.76) |
|||||||||
1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-OCDF |
1 |
1 |
5.7 |
5.7 |
Various parts of Europe |
Rural |
10 |
||
77 |
NR |
ND-144 |
27 |
British Isles |
Background |
11 |
|||
47 |
15 |
ND-660 |
185 |
Canada and USA |
Urban |
13 |
|||
20 |
15 |
ND-5200 |
843 |
Canada and USA |
Industrial |
13 |
|||
2 |
2 |
68-71 |
69.5 |
Various parts of Europe |
Industrial |
10 |
|||
1 |
1 |
8600 |
8600 |
Midland, MI |
Industrial |
1 |
|||
8 |
6 |
ND-660 |
240 |
Midland, MI |
Residential |
1 |
|||
5 |
1 |
ND-50 |
10 |
Middletown, OH |
Residential |
1 |
|||
1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-OCDF |
3 |
0 |
ND(1.0) |
NA |
MN |
Pristine |
1 |
||
(continued) |
NR |
NR |
NR |
3000 |
Finland |
Industrial |
2 |
||
11 |
NR |
ND-33 |
4 |
Canada |
4 |
Near Incinerator |
|||
12 |
NR |
ND-230 |
43 |
Canada |
4 |
Near Incinerator |
|||
53 |
0 |
ND(55) |
NA |
Canada |
Rural |
4 |
|||
29 |
NR |
ND-600 |
50 |
Canada |
Urban |
4 |
|||
8 |
8 |
2.9-19.0 |
8 |
Sweden |
Urban |
5 |
Near Stockholm |
||
4 |
3 |
60-270 |
113 |
Elk River, MN |
Rural |
6 |
Agriculture |
||
12 |
12 |
10-90 |
30 |
England |
Residential |
7 |
Rural |
||
19 |
19 |
7-1100 |
196 |
England |
Urban |
8 |
|||
Footnote References
NOTES: Summary statistics provided in or derived from references; when reference did not compute mean, it was computed using one-half the detection limit for non-detects;
NA = Not available;
NR = Not reported;
ND = Non-detect.
Detection limits varied by study and were different for different compounds, but generally were 1 to 5 ng/kg (ppt). Descriptions provided were those given by reference or surmised from study description when not given.
Sources: 1. EPA (1985)
2. Kitunen and Salkinoja-Salonen (1990.
3. Nestrick, et al. (1986).
4. Pearson, et al. (1990).
5. Broman, et al. (1990).
6. Reed, et al. (1990).
7. Stenhouse and Badsha (1990).
8. Creaser, et al. (1990)
10. Rappe and Kjeller (1987)
11. Creaser, et al. (1989)
12. Sievers and Friesel (1989)
13. Birmingham (1990)
14. Boos, et al. (1992)